Risk Factors for Cancer
It is often impossible to determine exactly why one individual develops cancer while another does not. However, extensive research has identified various risk factors that can increase a person’s likelihood of developing cancer. On the other hand, there are also protective factors that may lower risk.
Risk factors include exposure to harmful chemicals, certain lifestyle behaviors, and uncontrollable elements such as age and genetics. A family history of cancer, for instance, could indicate a hereditary cancer syndrome. For more details on inherited genetic mutations, see our section on Hereditary Cancer Syndromes.
Most risk and protective factors are discovered through epidemiological studies. These studies analyze large populations, comparing those who develop cancer with those who do not. Through these comparisons, scientists identify behaviors and exposures more or less common in people who develop cancer.
While these studies are insightful, they cannot independently prove causation. Sometimes the associations are coincidental, or another underlying factor is responsible. Media coverage of preliminary findings can also lead to widespread misconceptions. For clarification, visit our page on Common Cancer Myths and Misconceptions.
When repeated studies show a consistent link and there's a plausible biological explanation, confidence in a causal relationship grows. Below is a list of the most studied known or suspected cancer risk factors:
- Age
- Alcohol
- Cancer-Causing Substances
- Chronic Inflammation
- Diet
- Hormones
- Immunosuppression
- Infectious Agents
- Obesity
- Radiation
- Sunlight
- Tobacco
Understanding these risk factors empowers individuals to make informed choices. While not all risks can be eliminated, minimizing avoidable exposures may significantly reduce the risk of certain cancers.
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Dr. Jenan Khaled
كاهنة الحيرة – د. جنان